The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in the neck, which is involved in the production of thyroid hormones known as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). There are various thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism (the thyroid gland produces less thyroid hormone than the body needs). But is there a link between hypothyroidism and infertility in women?
Causes of hypothyroidism
This hormonal disorder is caused by a reduction in the activity of the thyroid gland for reasons including:
- Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease): The immune system causes the death of thyroid cells that produce hormones.
- Exposure to radioactive iodine treatment.
- Thyroidectomy: removal of the thyroid gland.
- Thyroiditis: inflammation of the thyroid gland.
- Certain medicines
Although the causes may be plenty, the most common reason is usually autoimmune thyroiditis.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism
Some of the most common symptoms and signs of this thyroid disorder include:
- Weight gain
- Low tolerance to cold temperatures
- Abundant or irregular menstruation
- Swollen face
- Hair loss
- Constipation
- Tiredness
- Fertility problems
Diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism
This thyroid disorder can be diagnosed on the basis of a number of different examinations: medical history, physical examination, ultrasound and blood tests (TSH, free T4, free T3 and thyroid antibodies). It is treated pharmacologically with the aim of replacing the hormone that the thyroid gland is unable to produce by itself.
Does hypothyroidism adversely affect fertility?
Yes, thyroid hormones interact with oestrogen and progesterone (reproductive hormones) to preserve ovulatory function and ova maturation. Therefore, in the presence of thyroid disorders, female reproductive function, and thus female fertility, may be impaired. Furthermore, research has concluded that hypothyroidism is associated with infertility and higher rates of miscarriage.
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