In female reproduction, the term endometrium is commonly used, but what is it? How does it vary during the menstrual cycle? What is an endometrial biopsy for? We will answer all these questions below.
What is the endometrium and how does it vary throughout the menstrual cycle?
The endometrium is the lining of the uterus, i.e. the mucous layer that covers the uterus. Throughout the menstrual cycle, this layer undergoes changes depending on the levels of hormones, such as progesterone and oestrogen. At the beginning of the cycle (the first day of menstrual bleeding), the concentration of these hormones is reduced, causing the endometrium to shed with menstruation. Subsequently, the uterine lining thickens again to 10-16 mm and becomes receptive with a trilaminar appearance, which increases the chances of embryo implantation. If conception does not occur (due to an unfertilised egg), the endometrium would shed, and the menstrual cycle will eventually begin again.
Is the endometrium important in achieving pregnancy?
The endometrium is essential for achieving pregnancy. It is the place where the sperm cells travel until they reach the egg and where embryo implantation takes place.
What is endometrial biopsy?
One of the tests recommended for women with implantation failure or abnormal uterine bleeding is endometrial biopsy.
This test involves inserting a thin flexible tube through the cervix and into the uterus. A small sample of endometrial tissue is suctioned out and analysed under a microscope. The results allow us to observe cellular changes related to hormone levels or abnormal tissues such as polyps or fibroids. It also makes it possible to rule out the presence of tumours or endometrial hyperplasia, for example.
Does endometrial biopsy hurt?
This test usually causes a discomfort alike menstrual cramp. In addition, a thin needle is sometimes used to inject a local anaesthetic into the cervix to help reduce pain.
How long does the procedure take and how long do the results take?
Endometrial biopsy usually takes less than 5 minutes and results are usually available 1-2 weeks later.
What to consider after endometrial biopsy?
It is important not to have sexual intercourse, not using tampons or any other substances in the vagina for 2-3 days after the endometrial biopsy.
